From Quarterly Journal of Medicine, 2004:
QJM vol. 97 no. 11 © Association of Physicians 2004; all rights reserved.
[b]Life-threatening envenoming by the Saharan horned viper (Cerastes cerastes) causing micro-angiopathic haemolysis, coagulopathy and acute renal failure: clinical cases and review
[/b]
M. Schneemann1,
R. Cathomas1,
S.T. Laidlaw2,
A.M. El Nahas2,
R.D.G. Theakston3 and
D.A. Warrell3,4
From the 1Department of Medicine, University Hospital, Zürich, Switzerland, 2
Sheffield Kidney Institute, Northern General Hospital, Sheffield, UK, 3
Alistair Reid Venom Unit, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK, and 4
Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford,
John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
Received 4 May 2004
and in revised form 12 August 2004
Background: The desert horned vipers (Cerastes cerastesand C. gasperettii) are the most familiar snakes of theand the Middle East, including the plainsof Iraq. They are responsible for many human snake bites. InWestern countries, they are popular among exotic-snake keepers.
Aim: To investigate mechanisms of life-threatening envenomingand treatment.
Design: Clinical investigation.
Methods: Clinical and laboratory studies with measurementof serum venom antigen concentrations by enzyme immunoassay.
Results: Two men bitten while handling captive Saharanhorned vipers (Cerastes cerastes) in Europe developed extensivelocal swelling and life-threatening systemic envenoming, characterizedby coagulopathy, increased fibrinolysis, thrombocytopenia, [b]micro-angiopathic[/b]haemolytic anaemia and acute renal failure. The clinical pictureis explicable by theC. cerastes venom of severalthrombin-like, Factor-X-activating, platelet-aggregating, haemorrhagicand nephrotoxic components. In one case, prophylactic use ofsubcutaneous epinephrine may have contributed to intracranialhaemorrhage. Theandspecific antivenom (recommended) are discussed.
Discussion: Cerastes cerastes is capable of life-threateningenvenoming in humans. Optimal treatment of envenoming is byearly administration of specific antivenom, and avoidance ofineffective and potentially-dangerous ancillary methods.
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